Non-volatile memory circuit and method

ABSTRACT

A memory circuit includes a first bank of non-volatile memory (NVM) devices, a first plurality of decoders, a first plurality of high-voltage (HV) drivers corresponding to the first plurality of decoders, and a first plurality of HV power switches. A first HV power switch is coupled to each HV driver of the first plurality of HV drivers, and each decoder is configured to generate an enable signal corresponding to a column of the first bank of NVM devices. Each HV driver is configured to output a HV activation signal to the corresponding column of the first bank of NVM devices responsive to a power signal of the first HV power switch and to the enable signal of the corresponding decoder.

PRIORITY CLAIM

The present application claims the priority of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 63/148,800, filed Feb. 12, 2021, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Integrated circuits (ICs) sometimes include non-volatile memory (NVM) inwhich data are not lost when the IC is powered off. In some NVMapplications, one-time-programmable (OTP) memory elements are designedto have an initial logical state that is capable of being irreversiblyswitched in a programming operation. One type of OTP memory includes ananti-fuse bit integrated into an IC by using a layer of dielectricmaterial (oxide, etc.) connected to other circuit elements. To programan anti-fuse bit, a programming electric field is applied across thedielectric material layer to sustainably alter (e.g., break down) thedielectric material, thus decreasing the resistance of the dielectricmaterial layer. Typically, to determine the status of an anti-fuse bit,a read voltage lower than the program voltage is applied across thedielectric material layer and a resultant current is read.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the followingdetailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It isnoted that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry,various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of thevarious features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity ofdiscussion.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams of a memory circuit, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a memory device, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrams of decode circuits, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a high-voltage (HV) driver, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 5A is a diagram of a driver circuit, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 5B is a diagram of driver circuit parameters, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 6A is a diagram of a driver circuit, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 6B is a diagram of driver circuit parameters, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 7A is a diagram of a memory circuit, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 7B is a diagram of memory circuit parameters, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 7C is a diagram of a memory circuit, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method of performing a programming operation,in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, orexamples, for implementing different features of the provided subjectmatter. Specific examples of components, values, operations, materials,arrangements, or the like, are described below to simplify the presentdisclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intendedto be limiting. Other components, values, operations, materials,arrangements, or the like, are contemplated. For example, the formationof a first feature over or on a second feature in the description thatfollows may include embodiments in which the first and second featuresare formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in whichadditional features may be formed between the first and second features,such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. Inaddition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/orletters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose ofsimplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationshipbetween the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,”“above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease ofdescription to describe one element or feature's relationship to anotherelement(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The spatiallyrelative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of thedevice in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted inthe figures. The apparatus may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degreesor at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors usedherein may likewise be interpreted accordingly.

In various embodiments, a memory circuit includes a dual path,hierarchical arrangement used to distribute high voltage (HV) levelsduring program and read operations such that non-selected NVM devices inbanks adjacent to device driver circuits receive a corresponding HVactivation signal having either a low voltage (LV) or ground voltagelevel. Compared to approaches in which NVM devices in adjacent,non-selected banks receive program and read voltage levels duringprogram and read operations on adjacent selected banks, NVM devicecurrent leakage levels are reduced, thereby reducing power consumption,and HV stresses are reduced, thereby improving NVM device reliability.

In some embodiments, the dual path, hierarchical arrangement includes HVpower switches and HV drivers configured to generate HV activationsignals by switching a ground signal from a ground voltage level to amiddle voltage (MV) level, either by detecting a HV level or based on adelay circuit. Compared to approaches that do not include switching aground signal from a ground voltage level to a MV level, HV drivers arecapable of including fewer cascode transistors, thereby reducing arearequirements.

In some embodiments, a dual path, hierarchical arrangement in which HVpower switches are configured to detect HV levels includes a feedbackarrangement whereby discharge times are controlled during NVM deviceprogram operations. Compared to approaches that do not include detectingHV levels to control discharge times, such embodiments are capable ofreducing power requirements and avoiding residual voltage damage insubsequent operations.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams of a memory circuit 100, in accordance withsome embodiments. FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a non-limiting exampleof a layout of memory circuit 100 in the x-y plane, indicated by thex-axis and y-axis, and FIG. 1B is a schematic representation of memorycircuit 100.

Each of FIGS. 1A and 1B is simplified for the purpose of illustration.In various embodiments, memory circuit 100 includes various elements inaddition to those depicted in FIGS. 1A and 1B or is otherwise arrangedso as to perform the operations discussed below.

As depicted in FIG. 1A, memory circuit 100 is an IC that includes memorypartitions 100A-100D, bit line (BL) drivers 100BL, a global HV switchcircuit 100HV, and a functional circuit 100F. Each memory partition100A-100D includes memory banks 110U and 110D adjacent to a drivercircuit 100AC, also referred to as an activation circuit 110AC in someembodiments. Each memory bank 110U and 110D includes an array 110AR anda BL selection circuit 110BS, and each driver circuit 110AC includes abank decode 110DC.

A memory partition, e.g., memory partition 100A-100D, is a portion ofmemory circuit 100 that includes a subset of NVM devices (not shown inFIG. 1A) and adjacent circuits configured to selectively access thesubset of NVM devices in program and read operations. In the embodimentdepicted in FIG. 1A, memory circuit 100 includes a total of fourpartitions. In various embodiments, memory circuit 100 includes a totalnumber of partitions greater or fewer than four.

BL driver 100BL, is an electronic circuit configured to control accessto one or more electrical paths, e.g., bit lines, to each NVM device ofthe corresponding memory bank 110U or 110D of each memory partition100A-100D, e.g., by generating one or more control signals. In someembodiments, BL driver 100BL includes a detection circuit (not shown),e.g., a sense amplifier, configured to determine an absolute and/orrelative voltage and/or current level of one or more signals receivedfrom a selected NVM device.

Global HV switch circuit 100HV is an electronic circuit configured tooutput HV power signals, each having a voltage level VPP (not shown inFIG. 1) corresponding to a program operation on an NVM device and avoltage level VRD corresponding to a read operation on an NVM device,voltage level VPP having a magnitude greater than that of voltage levelVRD. As further discussed below with respect to FIG. 1B, global HVswitch circuit 100HV includes first and second global HV power switches(not depicted in FIG. 1A), each configured to output the HV power signalhaving voltage levels VPP and VRD to the corresponding memory bank 110Uor 110D of each memory partition 100A-100D.

Functional circuit 100F is an electronic circuit configured to controlsome or all of program and read operations on each memory partition100A-100D, e.g., by generating and/or outputting one or more controland/or enable signals. In some embodiments, functional circuit 100Fincludes a control circuit (not shown). In various embodiments,functional circuit 100F includes one or more analog circuits configuredto interface with memory partitions 100A-100D, cause data to beprogrammed in one or more NVM devices, and/or use data received from oneor more NVM devices in one or more circuit operations. In someembodiments, functional circuit 100F includes one or more global addressdecode or pre-decode circuits (not shown in FIG. 1A) configured tooutput one or more address signals, e.g., address signals 100AD depictedin FIG. 1B, to the activation circuit 110AC of each memory partition100A-100D.

Each driver circuit 110AC is an electronic circuit including thecorresponding bank decode circuit 110DC configured to receive the one ormore address signals and generate enable signals corresponding toadjacent subsets of NVM devices identified by the one or more addresssignals. In some embodiments, the adjacent subsets of NVM devicescorrespond to columns of NVM devices. In some embodiments, each bankdecode circuit 110DC is configured to generate each enable signal as acomplementary pair of enable signals. As further discussed below withrespect to FIGS. 1 and 3A-3B, in various embodiments, each bank decodecircuit 110DC is configured to generate each enable signal correspondingto one or both of the adjacent memory banks 110U or 110D of thecorresponding memory partition 100A-100D.

Each driver circuit 110AC includes corresponding signal generationcircuits (not depicted in FIG. 1A) configured to generate activationsignals responsive to the corresponding enable signals, and output theactivation signals to the adjacent memory banks 110U and 110D of thecorresponding memory partition 100A-100D. As further discussed belowwith respect to FIG. 1B, each driver circuit 110AC includes a HV powerswitch and a plurality of HV drivers corresponding to the adjacentmemory bank 110U, and a HV power switch and a plurality of HV driverscorresponding to the adjacent memory bank 110D. Each driver circuit110AC is thereby configured to output a first plurality of HV activationsignals to the adjacent memory bank 110U responsive to correspondingenable signals and a first power signal received from the correspondingHV power switch, and output a second plurality of HV activation signalsto the adjacent memory bank 110D responsive to corresponding enablesignals and a second power signal received from the corresponding HVpower switch.

Each memory bank 110U and 110D includes the corresponding BL selectioncircuit 110BS configured to selectively access one or more bit lines(not shown) coupled to adjacent subsets of NVM devices of thecorresponding array 110AR responsive to BL driver 100BL, e.g., based onone or more BL control signals. In some embodiments, the adjacentsubsets of NVM devices correspond to rows of NVM devices.

Each memory bank 110U and 110D includes the corresponding array 110ARincluding NVM devices 112, further discussed below with respect to FIG.1B, configured to be accessed in program and read operations by theadjacent BL selection circuit 110BS and the adjacent driver circuit110AC configured as discussed above.

NVM device 112 is an electrical, electromechanical, electromagnetic, orother device configured to store bit data represented by logical states.At least one logical state of an NVM device 112 is capable of beingprogrammed in a write operation and detected in a read operation. Insome embodiments, a logical state corresponds to a voltage level of anelectrical charge stored in a given NVM device 112. In some embodiments,a logical state corresponds to a physical property, e.g., a resistanceor magnetic orientation, of a component of a given NVM device 112.

In various embodiments, NVM devices 112 include one or more OTP memorydevices such as electronic fuse (eFuse) or anti-fuse devices, flashmemory devices, random-access memory (RAM) devices, resistive RAMdevices, ferroelectric RAM devices, magneto-resistive RAM devices,erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM) devices, electricallyerasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) devices, or the like. Insome embodiments, an NVM device 112 is an OTP memory device includingone or more OTP devices 200 discussed below with respect to FIG. 2.

In FIG. 1B, the schematic representation of memory circuit 100 includesrepresentative features of a single memory partition 100A, and withinmemory partition 100A, representative features of a portion of each ofthe corresponding instances of memory banks 110U and 110D and drivercircuit 110AC. Each instance of memory bank 110U and 110D includes thecorresponding instance of array 110AR including multiple adjacentsubsets of memory devices 112, each adjacent subset represented in FIG.1B as a single instance of memory device 112. In some embodiments, eachadjacent subset of memory devices 112 corresponds to a column of memorydevices 112 of a given array 110AR. BL driver 100BL, bit line selectioncircuits 110BS, and bit lines are not depicted in FIG. 1B for thepurpose of clarity.

Functional circuit 100F includes a global decoder (not depicted) coupledto each instance of driver circuit 110AC corresponding to a memorypartition 100A-100D. Global HV switch circuit 100HV includes global HVpower switches HVSU and HVSD, each of which is coupled to each instanceof driver circuit 110AC.

Two or more circuit elements are considered to be coupled based on oneor more direct signal connections and/or one or more indirect signalconnections that include one or more logic devices, e.g., an inverter orlogic gate, between the two or more circuit elements. In someembodiments, signal communications between the two or more coupledcircuit elements are capable of being modified, e.g., inverted or madeconditional, by the one or more logic devices.

Each instance of driver circuit 110AC includes a HV power switch HVPSUcoupled to global HV power switch HVSU and a HV power switch HVPSDcoupled to global HV power switch HVSD. Each instance of HV power switchHVPSU is thereby configured to receive a HV power signal HVU from globalHV power switch HVSU, and each instance of HV power switch HVPSD isthereby configured to receive a HV power signal HVD from global HV powerswitch HVSD.

Each portion of each driver circuit 110AC includes a correspondingportion of bank decode circuit 110DC coupled to the global decoder andto the corresponding adjacent subsets of memory devices 112 of each ofmemory banks 110U and 110D. Each portion of each driver circuit 110ACalso includes two instances of a HV driver HVDR. One instance of HVdriver HVDR is coupled to HV power switch HVPSU, the portion of bankdecode circuit 110DC, and the adjacent subset of memory devices 112 ofmemory bank 110U. The other instance of HV driver HVDR is coupled to HVpower switch HVPSD, the portion of bank decode circuit 110DC, and theadjacent subset of memory devices 112 of memory bank 110D.

Each portion of bank decode circuit 110DC is thereby configured toreceive one or more address signals 100AD from the global decoder. Eachinstance of HV driver HVDR corresponding to memory bank 110U is therebyconfigured to receive a power signal PSU and a ground signal AGU from HVpower switch HVPSU, and an enable signal ENU from the portion of bankdecode circuit 110DC. Each instance of HV driver HVDR corresponding tomemory bank 110D is thereby configured to receive a power signal PSD anda ground signal AGD from HV power switch HVPSD, and an enable signal ENDfrom the portion of bank decode circuit 110DC.

Each subset of memory devices 112 of memory bank 110U is therebyconfigured to receive an activation signal WLRU from the correspondingportion of bank decode circuit 110DC and a HV activation signal WLPUfrom the corresponding HV driver HVDR, and each subset of memory devices112 of memory bank 110D is thereby configured to receive an activationsignal WLRD from the corresponding portion of bank decode circuit 110DCand a HV activation signal WLPD from the corresponding HV driver HVDR.

Each global HV power switch HVSU and HVSD is an electronic circuitincluding at least one switching device (not shown in FIG. 1B) andconfigured to generate the corresponding HV power signal HVU or HVDhaving voltage levels VPP and VRD corresponding to respective programand read operations on NVM devices 112. In various embodiments, eachglobal HV power switch HVSU and HVSD is configured to output thecorresponding HV power signal HVU or HVD having either a positive ornegative polarity with respect to a ground voltage level.

In operation, global HV power switch HVSU is configured to generate HVpower signal HVU having voltage level VPP in response to a first enablesignal (not shown) indicating the program operation being performed onan NVM device in one of memory banks 110U, and otherwise having voltagelevel VRD. Global HV power switch HVSD is configured to generate HVpower signal HVD having voltage level VPP in response to a second enablesignal (not shown) indicating the program operation being performed onan NVM device in one of memory banks 110D, and otherwise having voltagelevel VRD. In some embodiments, the first and second enable signals arereceived from functional circuit 100F.

In some embodiments, global HV power switches HVSU and HVSD are a sameglobal HV power switch configured to generate HV power signals HVU andHVD as a same HV power signal, the same HV power signal having voltagelevel VPP in response to a single enable signal, e.g., received fromfunctional circuit 100F, indicating the program operation beingperformed on an NVM device in one of memory banks 110U or 110D, andotherwise having voltage level VRD.

In some embodiments, each global HV power switch HVSU and HVSD isconfigured to generate the corresponding HV power signal HVU or HVDhaving voltage level VPP ranging from 3 volts (V) to 8 V. In someembodiments, each global HV power switch HVSU and HVSD is configured togenerate the corresponding HV power signal HVU or HVD having voltagelevel VPP ranging from 4 V to 6 V. In some embodiments, each global HVpower switch HVSU and HVSD is configured to generate the correspondingHV power signal HVU or HVD having voltage level VPP approximately equalto 4.8 V.

In some embodiments, each global HV power switch HVSU and HVSD isconfigured to generate the corresponding HV power signal HVU or HVDhaving voltage level VRD ranging from 0.8 V to 3 V. In some embodiments,each global HV power switch HVSU and HVSD is configured to generate thecorresponding HV power signal HVU or HVD having voltage level VRDranging from 1 V to 1.8 V. In some embodiments, each global HV powerswitch HVSU and HVSD is configured to generate the corresponding HVpower signal HVU or HVD having voltage level VRD approximately equal to1.35 V.

In some embodiments, a global HV power switch HVSU and/or HVSD includesa global HV power switch 750, discussed below with respect to FIGS.7A-7C.

Each instance of HV power switch HVPSU and HVPSD is an electroniccircuit including at least one switching device (not shown in FIG. 1B)and configured to receive the corresponding HV power signal HVU or HVD,a MV power signal, a LV power signal, and a HV enable signal (not shownin FIG. 1B), and generate corresponding power/ground signals PSU/AGU orPSD/AGD having one of a first or second pair of voltage levelsresponsive to the HV enable signal.

A MV power signal is a power signal having a predetermined MV levelbetween voltage level VPP and the ground voltage level. In someembodiments, the predetermined MV level is between voltage levels VPPand VRD. In some embodiments, a difference between voltage level VPP andthe predetermined MV level has a value configured to avoid overstressingtransistors in HV driver HVDR, e.g., transistors P1, P2, N4, and N5 of aHV driver 400 discussed below with respect to FIG. 4.

In some embodiments, the predetermined MV level has a value ranging from2.5 V to 3 V. In some embodiments, the predetermined MV level isapproximately equal to 2.7 V.

A LV power signal is a power signal having a predetermined LV levelbetween voltage level VRD and the ground voltage level. In someembodiments, the LV power signal is a power supply voltage of memorycircuit 100. In some embodiments, the predetermined LV level correspondsto a high logical state of various signals, e.g., an enable signal, ofmemory circuit 100 and the ground voltage level corresponds to a lowlogical state of the various signals.

In some embodiments, the predetermined LV level has a value ranging from0.8 V to 1.8V. In some embodiments, the predetermined LV level isapproximately equal to 1.2 V.

The HV enable signal is configured to have a first logical statecorresponding to none of the NVM devices 112 in the corresponding memorybank 110U or 110D being accessed in a program or read operation, and asecond logical state corresponding to an NVM device 112 in thecorresponding memory bank 110U or 110D being accessed in a program orread operation. In some embodiments, the HV enable signal is receivedfrom functional circuit 100F.

In operation, in response to the HV enable signal having the firstlogical state, each instance of HV power switch HVPSU and HVPSD isconfigured to generate the corresponding power signal PSU or PSD havinga voltage level of the LV power signal and the corresponding groundsignal AGU or AGD having the ground voltage level. In response to the HVenable signal having a second logical state, each instance of HV powerswitch HVPSU and HVPSD is configured to generate corresponding powersignal PSU or PSD having the voltage level VPP or VRD of thecorresponding HV power signal HVU or HVD.

In response to the HV enable signal having the second logical state,each instance of HV power switch HVPSU and HVPSD is configured togenerate corresponding ground signal AGU or AGD having either the groundvoltage level or a voltage level of the MV power signal further based onthe voltage level of the corresponding HV power signal HVU or HVD. Eachinstance of HV power switch HVPSU and HVPSD is configured to generatecorresponding ground signal AGU or AGD having the voltage level of theMV power signal when the corresponding HV power signal HVU or HVD hasvoltage level VPP, and having the ground voltage level when thecorresponding HV power signal HVU or HVD has voltage level VRD.

In some embodiments, a HV power switch HVPSU and/or HVPSD includes adetection circuit configured to control generation of the correspondingground signal AGU or AGD based on detecting the voltage level of thecorresponding HV power signal HVU or HVD. In some embodiments, a HVpower switch HVPSU and/or HVPSD includes a HV power switch 500 discussedbelow with respect to FIGS. 5A and 5B or a HV power switch 700 discussedbelow with respect to FIGS. 7A-7C.

In some embodiments, a HV power switch HVPSU and/or HVPSD includes adelay and level shifter circuit configured to control generation of thecorresponding ground signal AGU or AGD based on the HV enable signal andone or more additional signals. In some embodiments, a HV power switchHVPSU and/or HVPSD includes a HV power switch 600 discussed below withrespect to FIGS. 6A and 6B.

Bank decode circuit 110DC is an electronic circuit in which each portionincludes one or more logic gates (not shown) configured to generatecorresponding enable signals ENU and END responsive to address signals100AD. Each portion of bank decode circuit 110DC is configured togenerate the corresponding enable signals ENU and END having logicalstates configured to cause the corresponding subsets of NVM devices 112identified by address signals 100AD to be activated in program and readoperations. In some embodiments, each portion of bank decode circuit110DC is configured to generate the corresponding enable signals ENU andEND as complementary pairs, each pair being represented in FIG. 1B asenable signal ENU or END.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1B, each portion of bank decodecircuit 110DC is configured to generate and output activation signalWLRU to the corresponding subset of NVM devices 112 of memory bank 110Uand to generate and output activation signal WLRD to the correspondingsubset of NVM devices 112 of memory bank 110D. Each portion of bankdecode circuit 110DC is configured to output each activation signal WLRUand WLRD having logical states configured to activate the correspondingsubset of NVM devices 112 in program and read operations in accordancewith the logical states of respective enable signals ENU and END. Insome embodiments, each portion of bank decode circuit 110DC isconfigured to generate and output activation signal WLRU as a samesignal as some or all of enable signal ENU and to generate and outputactivation signal WLRD as a same signal as some or all of enable signalEND.

In some embodiments, each driver circuit 110AC includes the portions ofbank decode circuit 110DC otherwise configured to cause thecorresponding subsets of NVM devices 112 identified by address signals100AD to be activated in program and read operations, e.g., by includinga buffer and/or inverter (not shown) coupled between each portion ofbank decode circuit 110DC and the corresponding subsets of NVM devices112, the buffer and/or inverter being configured to generate thecorresponding activation signal WLRU or WLRD responsive to therespective enable signal ENU or END.

In some embodiments, each portion of bank decode circuit 110DC includesa single decoder configured to generate enable signals ENU and END as asame enable signal and generate activation signals WLRU and WLRD as asame activation signal based on address signals 100AD identifying eitheradjacent subset of NVM devices 112 as being activated in program andread operations. In some embodiments, each portion of bank decodecircuit 110DC includes a decode circuit 300A discussed below withrespect to FIG. 3A.

In some embodiments, each portion of bank decode circuit 110DC includesa first decoder configured to generate enable signal ENU and activationsignal WLRU based on address signals 100AD identifying the subset of NVMdevices 112 of adjacent memory bank 110U as being activated in programand read operations, and a second decoder configured to generate enablesignal END and activation signal WLRD based on address signals 100ADidentifying the subset of NVM devices 112 of adjacent memory bank 110Uas being activated in program and read operations. In some embodiments,each portion of bank decode circuit 110DC includes a decode circuit 300Bdiscussed below with respect to FIG. 3B.

Each instance of HV driver HVDR is an electronic circuit including aplurality of transistors (not shown in FIG. 1B) configured to generateand output HV activation signal WLPU or WLPD responsive to thecorresponding enable signal ENU and power/ground signals PSU/AGU orenable signal END and power/ground signals PSD/AGD.

Each instance of HV driver is configured to, in response to thecorresponding enable signal ENU or END having the logical state(s)configured to cause the corresponding subset of NVM devices 112 to beactivated in a program or read operation, generate the corresponding HVactivation signal WLPU or WLPD having the voltage level of thecorresponding power signal PSU or PSD, and otherwise generate thecorresponding HV activation signal WLPU or WLPD having the groundvoltage level.

In some embodiments, HV driver HVDR includes HV driver 400 discussedbelow with respect to FIG. 4.

As discussed above, each instance of HV power switch HVPSU and HVPSD isconfigured to output the corresponding power signal PSU or PSD havingvoltage level VPP in response to the program operation being performedon an NVM device 112 in the corresponding memory bank 110U or 110D,voltage level VRD in response to the read operation being performed onan NVM device 112 in the corresponding memory bank 110U or 110D, and thevoltage level of the LV power signal otherwise.

In embodiments in which each portion of bank decode circuit 110DC isconfigured to generate enable signals ENU and END as a same enablesignal, each instance of HV driver is thereby configured to output thecorresponding HV activation signal WLPU or WLPD having voltage level VPPor VRD of the corresponding power signal PSU or PSD in response to theprogram or read operation being performed on an NVM device in the subsetof NVM devices in the corresponding one of the memory banks 110U and110D adjacent to driver circuit 110AC, and having the voltage level ofthe LV power signal in response to the program or read operation beingperformed on an NVM device in the subset of NVM devices in the other oneof the memory banks 110U and 110D adjacent to driver circuit 110AC.

In embodiments in which each portion of bank decode circuit 110DC isconfigured to generate enable signals ENU and END as separate enablesignals, each instance of HV driver is thereby configured to output thecorresponding HV activation signal WLPU or WLPD having voltage level VPPor VRD of the corresponding power signal PSU or PSD in response to theprogram or read operation being performed on an NVM device in the subsetof NVM devices in the corresponding one of the memory banks 110U and110D adjacent to driver circuit 110AC, and having the ground voltagelevel in response to the program or read operation being performed on anNVM device in the subset of NVM devices in the other one of the memorybanks 110U and 110D adjacent to driver circuit 110AC.

Accordingly, during program and read operations, subsets of NVM devicesin the non-selected one of adjacent banks 110U and 110D are configuredto receive the corresponding HV activation signal WLPU or WLPD havingeither the LV or ground voltage level. Compared to approaches in whichNVM devices in non-selected adjacent banks receive program and readvoltage levels during program and read operations on selected adjacentbanks, sometimes referred to as disturb events, NVM device currentleakage levels are reduced, thereby reducing power consumption, and HVstresses are reduced, thereby improving NVM device reliability.

In some embodiments, each HV power switch HVPSU and HVPSD is configuredto cause the corresponding HV drivers HVDR to generate HV activationsignal WLPU or WLPD by switching ground signal AGU or AGD from theground voltage level to the MV level. Compared to approaches that do notinclude switching a ground signal from a ground voltage level to a MVlevel, HV drivers HVDR are thereby capable of including fewer cascodetransistors such that area requirements are reduced.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of OTP device 200, in accordance with someembodiments. OTP device 200, also referred to as an anti-fuse device 200in some embodiments, is usable as some or all of NVM device 112discussed above with respect to FIGS. 1A and 1B.

OTP device 200 includes a program transistor 210 and a read transistor220. Program transistor 210 includes a gate 212 and a source/drain (S/D)terminal 214, read transistor 220 includes a gate 222 and a S/D terminal224, and program transistor 210 and read transistor 220 share a S/Dterminal 230.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2, each of program transistor 210 andread transistor 220 is an NMOS transistor. In some embodiments, one orboth of program transistor 210 or read transistor 220 is a PMOStransistor.

Gate 212 is coupled to an instance of HV driver HVDR and is therebyconfigured to receive a HV activation signal WLP corresponding to one ofHV activation signals WLPU or WLPD as discussed above. S/D terminal 214is electrically isolated from circuit elements external to transistor210 and is thereby considered to have a floating voltage level.

Gate 222 is coupled to a portion of an instance of bank decode circuit110DC and is thereby configured to receive HV activation signal WLRcorresponding to one of activation signals WLRU or WLRD as discussedabove. S/D terminal 224 is coupled to a bit line and thereby configuredto receive a bit line signal BL as discussed above.

S/D terminal 230 is electrically isolated from elements external totransistors 210 and 220 and is thereby configured as a conductive pathbetween transistors 210 and 220.

Each of gates 212 and 222 shares an electrical connection withcorresponding gates of other instances (not shown) of OTP device 200such that a corresponding subset, e.g., column, of OTP devices 200 isconfigured to receive the same instances of activation signal WLRU orWLRD and HV activation signal WLPU or WLPD. S/D terminal 224 shares anelectrical connection with corresponding S/D terminals of otherinstances (not shown) of OTP device 200 such that a correspondingsubset, e.g., row, of OTP devices 200 is configured to receive the sameinstance of bit line signal BL. Each instance of OTP device 200 isthereby configured to receive a unique combination of activation signalWLR, HV activation signal WLP, and bit line signal BL.

In program and read operations on OTP device 200, signal WLP is appliedto gate 212, transistor 220 is turned on responsive to signal WLRapplied to gate 222 and bit line signal BL having the ground voltagelevel.

Prior to a program operation, a dielectric layer of gate 212 isconfigured as an insulator having a high resistance that represents alogically high level in some embodiments. During the program operation,signal WLP has voltage level VPP discussed above whereby a differencebetween the first voltage level and the ground voltage level produces anelectric field across a dielectric layer of gate 212 sufficiently largeto sustainably alter the dielectric material such that a resultantlowered resistance represents a logically low level in some embodiments.

In a read operation, signal WLP has voltage level VRD discussed abovewhereby a difference between the second voltage level and the groundvoltage level produces an electric field that is sufficiently small toavoid sustainably altering the dielectric material of gate 212 andsufficiently large to generate a current flowing through S/D terminals230 and 224 and having a magnitude capable of being sensed by a senseamplifier (not shown) and thereby used to determine a programmed statusof OTP device 200.

By the configuration discussed above, OTP device 200 is capable of beingprogrammed and read responsive to activation signals WLRU and WLRD andHV activation signals WLPU and WLPD in accordance with the discussionabove with respect to memory circuit 100 and FIGS. 1A and 1B such thatmemory circuit 100 including OTP devices 200 is capable of realizing thebenefits discussed above.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrams of decode circuits 300A and 300B, inaccordance with some embodiments. Each of decode circuits 300A and 300Bis usable as a portion of bank decode circuit 110DC discussed above withrespect to FIGS. 1A and 1B. Decode circuit 300A corresponds toembodiments in which the portion of bank decode circuit 110DC isconfigured to output enable/activation signals ENU/WLRU and END/WLRD assame enable/activation signals, and decode circuit 300B corresponds toembodiments in which the portion of bank decode circuit 110DC isconfigured to output enable/activation signals ENU/WLRU and END/WLRD asseparate enable/activation signals. Decode circuit 300A includes adecoder 310A coupled to drivers DU and DD, decoder 310A being configuredto receive address signals 100AD and output a single enable signalENU/END.

A decoder, e.g., decoder 310A, is a logic circuit configured to generatean enable signal, e.g., enable signal ENU and/or END, having a firstlogical state based on received signals, e.g., address signals 100AD,having a predetermined combination of logical states, e.g.,corresponding to an address of a subset of NVM devices 112, andotherwise having a second logical state. In some embodiments, a decoderis configured to generate the enable signal as a complementary pair. Insome embodiments, a decoder includes a combination of logic gates, e.g.,inverters and/or NAND, NOR, and/or other suitable gates.

A driver, e.g., driver DU or DD, is an electronic circuit configured togenerate an activation signal, e.g., activation signal WLRU or WLRD,having a logical state based on the logical state(s) of a receivedsignal, e.g., enable signal ENU or END, and a maximum voltage levelbased on a received power signal. In various embodiments, the maximumvoltage level of the activation signal is equal to or greater than thatof the received signal. In various embodiments, a driver includes one ormore inverters and/or buffers. In some embodiments, a driver includes anoutput inverter or buffer configured to generate the activation signalincluding a drive current configured to charge a combined capacitance ofa subset, e.g., column, of NVM devices.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 3A, each driver DU and DD isconfigured to receive a single enable signal ENU/END from decoder 310A,and generate corresponding activation signals WLRU and WLRD as a sameactivation signal. In some embodiments, drivers DU and DD are configuredto generate corresponding activation signals WLRU and WLRD based onreceiving enable signal ENU/END from decoder 310A as a complementarypair. In some embodiments, each driver DU and DD is configured toreceive a single enable signal ENU/END from decoder 310A, and generate acomplementary signal whereby enable signal ENU/END is output from decodecircuit 300A as a complementary pair. In some embodiments, decodecircuit 300A does not include drivers DU and DD, and is configured tooutput enable signal ENU/END as activation signal WLRU/WLRD.

Decode circuit 300A is thereby configured to generate enable signalENU/END and activation signal WLRU/WLRD, if applicable, responsive tomemory signals 100AD being configured to indicate performance of aprogram or read operation on an NVM device 112 in either one of a subsetof NVM devices 112 in an adjacent memory bank 110U or a subset of NVMdevices 112 in an adjacent memory bank 110D.

Decode circuit 300B includes a decoder 310B coupled to driver DU and adecoder 310B coupled to driver DD, each instance of decoder 310B beingconfigured to receive address signals 100AD. A first instance of decoder310B is configured to output enable signal ENU and a second instance ofdecoder 310B is configured to output enable signal END. Drivers DU andDD are configured to receive separate enable signals ENU and END fromthe instances of decoder 310B, and generate corresponding separateactivation signals WLRU and WLRD. In some embodiments, drivers DU and DDare configured to generate corresponding activation signals WLRU andWLRD based on receiving enable signals ENU and END from decoders 310B ascomplementary pairs. In some embodiments, each driver DU and DD isconfigured to receive a single enable signal ENU or END from thecorresponding decoder 310B, and generate a complementary signal wherebyeach enable signal ENU or END is output from decode circuit 300B as acomplementary pair. In some embodiments, decode circuit 300B does notinclude drivers DU and DD, and is configured to output enable signalsENU and END as activation signals WLRU and WLRD.

Decode circuit 300B is thereby configured to generate enable signal ENUand activation signal WLRU, if applicable, responsive to memory signals100AD being configured to indicate performance of a program or readoperation on an NVM device 112 in a subset of NVM devices 112 in anadjacent memory bank 110U and to generate enable signal END andactivation signal WLRD, if applicable, responsive to memory signals100AD being configured to indicate performance of a program or readoperation on an NVM device 112 in a subset of NVM devices 112 in anadjacent memory bank 110D.

By the configurations discussed above, each of decode circuits 300A and300B is capable of generating enable signals ENU and END and activationsignals WLRU and WLRD in accordance with the discussion above withrespect to bank decode circuit 110DC and FIGS. 1A and 1B such thatmemory circuit 100 including decode circuits 300A or 300B is capable ofrealizing the benefits discussed above.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of HV driver 400, in accordance with someembodiments. HV driver 400, also referred to as a hybrid latch 400 or atwo-phase hybrid latch 400 in some embodiments, is usable as some or allof HV driver HVDR discussed above with respect to FIGS. 1A and 1B.

HV driver 400 includes a power signal node PSN configured to receive apower signal PS corresponding to one of power signals PSU or PSD, aground node AGN configured to receive a ground signal AG correspondingto one of ground signals AGU or AGD, and an output node WLPN configuredto output a HV activation signal WLP corresponding to one of HVactivation signals WLPU or WLPD, each discussed above with respect toFIGS. 1A and 1B.

A PMOS transistor P1 and an NMOS transistor N4 are coupled in seriesbetween power signal node PSN and ground node AGN, a PMOS transistor P2and an NMOS transistor N5 are coupled in series between power signalnode PSN and ground node AGN, gates of transistors P1 and N4 are coupledto each other and to source terminals of transistors P2 and N5, andgates of transistors P2 and N5 are coupled to each other and to sourceterminals of transistors P1 and N4. PMOS transistors P1 and P2 and NMOStransistors N4 and N5 are thereby arranged as a latch circuit configuredto latch one pair of coupled gates of transistors P1 and N4 or P2 and N5to the voltage level of power signal PS and the other pair of coupledgates of transistors P1 and N4 or P2 and N5 to the voltage level ofground signal AG.

NMOS transistors N1 and N6 are coupled in series, the series beingarranged in parallel with NMOS transistor N4, and NMOS transistors N2and N7 are coupled in series, the series being arranged in parallel withNMOS transistor N5. PMOS transistors P3 and P4 are coupled in seriesbetween power signal node PSN and output node WLRN, and NMOS transistorsN3 and N8 are coupled in series between output node WLRN and a groundreference node configured to have the ground voltage level. A gate ofPMOS transistor P3 is coupled to the pair of coupled gates oftransistors P2 and N5.

PMOS transistor P4 is configured to receive a cascode bias voltage VPCB,and each of NMOS transistors N1-N3 is configured to receive a cascodebias voltage VNCB. NMOS transistor N6 is configured to receive an enablesignal EN corresponding to one of enable signals ENU or END discussedabove with respect to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 3A, and 3B, and transistors N7 andN8 are configured to receive an enable signal ENB complementary toenable signal EN.

Cascode bias voltage VPCB has a voltage level relative to the voltagelevel of power signal PS configured to maintain a voltage drop acrosselements of PMOS transistor P3 at or below a predetermined PMOSoverstress level, and cascode bias voltage VNCB has a voltage levelrelative to the voltage level of ground signal AG configured to maintaina voltage drop across elements of each of NMOS transistors N1-N3 at orbelow a predetermined NMOS overstress level.

Enable signals EN/ENB are configured to have a high/low logical statecombination when an NVM device coupled to output node WLPN is selectedin a program or read operation, and otherwise have a low/high logicalstate combination.

HV driver 400 is thereby configured to, in operation, respond to enablesignals EN/ENB having the low/high logical state combination byswitching off NMOS transistor N6 and switching on NMOS transistors N7and N8, thereby causing the coupled gates of transistors P1 and N4 tohave the voltage level of ground signal AG and the coupled gates oftransistors P2, P3, and N5 to have the voltage level of power signal PS.The voltage levels cause PMOS transistor P3 to be switched off and NMOStransistor N8 to be switched on, thereby decoupling output node WLPNfrom power signal node PSN and coupling output node WLPN to the groundreference node, causing HV activation signal WLP to have the groundvoltage level.

In response to enable signals EN/ENB having the high/low logical statecombination, HV driver 400 is thereby configured to switch on NMOStransistor N6 and switch off NMOS transistors N7 and N8, thereby causingthe coupled gates of transistors P1 and N4 to have the voltage level ofpower signal PS and the coupled gates of transistors P2, P3, and N5 tohave the voltage level of ground signal AG. The voltage levels causePMOS transistor P3 to be switched on and NMOS transistor N8 to beswitched off, thereby decoupling output node WLPN from the groundreference node and coupling output node WLPN to power signal node PSN,causing HV activation signal WLP to have the voltage level of powersignal PS.

As discussed above, each HV power switch HVPSU and HVPSD is configuredto output corresponding power/ground signals PSU/AGU or PSD/AGD havingvoltage level VPP or VRD/MV power signal voltage level in response to anNVM device in a corresponding memory bank 110U or 110D being selected ina program or read operation, and otherwise having the LV power voltagelevel/ground voltage level. Thus, enable signals EN/ENB having thehigh/low logical state combination occurs when power/ground signalsPS/AG have voltage level VPP or VRD/MV power signal voltage level suchthat HV activation signal WLP is output on output node WLPN havingvoltage level VPP in program operations and voltage level VRD in readoperations.

When enable signals EN/ENB have the low/high logical state combination,activation signal WLP is output on output node WLPN having the groundvoltage level independent of the voltage levels of the correspondingpower/ground signals PSU/AGU or PSD/AGD received as power/ground signalsPS/AG.

Program operations of HV driver 400 are further discussed below withrespect to FIGS. 5A-7C. Each of FIGS. 5A, 6A, 7A, and 7C is a circuitdiagram of a portion of memory circuit 100 simplified for the purpose ofillustration. Each of FIGS. 5B, 6B, and 7B is a diagram of correspondingmemory circuit parameters. The parameters depicted in FIGS. 5B, 6B, and7B are non-limiting examples presented for the purpose of illustration.In various embodiments, memory circuit 100 includes operating parametersother than those depicted in FIGS. 5B, 6B, and 7B whereby a programoperation is performed as discussed herein.

FIG. 5A is a diagram of driver circuit 110AC, and FIG. 5B is a diagramof corresponding driver circuit parameters, in accordance with someembodiments. In the non-limiting example depicted in FIG. 5A, drivercircuit 110AC includes HV driver 400 discussed above with respect toFIG. 4, and HV power switch 500 usable as HV power switch HVPSU or HVPSDdiscussed above with respect to FIG. 1B. For the purpose ofillustration, FIG. 5A includes a simplified version of HV driver 400.

HV power switch 500 includes a level shifter/power switch S1 coupled topower signal node PSN of HV driver 400. A PMOS transistor P5, NMOStransistor N9, and current source IS1 are coupled in series betweenpower signal node PSN and the ground reference node, and NMOStransistors N10 and N11 are coupled in series between power signalnode/signal MV and the ground reference node. A junction betweentransistors P5 and N9 is coupled to a gate of NMOS transistor N10, andan inverter IN1 includes an input terminal coupled to a junction betweenNMOS transistor N9 and current source IS1, and an output terminalcoupled to a gate of NMOS transistor N11. A junction between NMOStransistors N10 and N11 is coupled to ground node AGN of HV driver 400.

Level shifter/power switch S1 is an electronic circuit configured toreceive a HV enable signal ENHV, LV power signal LV, and a HV powersignal HV corresponding to HV power signal HVU or HVD, each discussedabove with respect to FIG. 1B. A level shifting portion is configured tocontrol gates of a plurality of transistors (not labeled) responsive toenable signal ENHV shifted in accordance with voltage level VPP or VRDof HV power signal HV. Level shifter/power switch S1 is therebyconfigured to, in operation, output power signal PS on power signal nodePSN having one of voltage levels VPP or VRD of HV power signal HV or thevoltage level of LV power signal LV.

A gate of PMOS transistor P5 is configured to receive a referencevoltage VDET, a gate of NMOS transistor N9 is configured to receivecascode bias voltage VNCB, and current source IS1 is configured to limitcurrent conducted through transistors P5 and N9 when each of transistorsP5 and N9 is switched on during a program operation as discussed below.

Transistors P5 and N9 and current source IS1 are thereby arranged as aHV level detector configured to, in operation, generate a signal HVF1 atthe gate of NMOS transistor N10 and a signal HVF2 at the gate of NMOStransistor responsive to the voltage level of power signal PS relativeto those of reference voltage VDET and cascode bias voltage VNCB. NMOStransistors N10 and N11 are thereby arranged as a ground signal switchconfigured to output ground signal AG on ground node AGN responsive tovoltage levels of signals HVF1 and HVF2 relative to the voltage level ofMV power signal MV and the ground voltage level.

Operation of HV power switch 500 is further discussed with reference toFIG. 5B. FIG. 5B includes power signal PS, ground signal AG, signalHVF1, and HV enable signal ENHV plotted over time (not labeled). Powersignal PS is plotted relative to a reference voltage VDT1 correspondingto reference voltage VDET plus a threshold voltage of PMOS transistorP5. In some embodiments, HV power switch 500 and reference voltage VDETare configured such that reference voltage VDT1 has a voltage levelapproximately equal to half of voltage level VPP. A program operation isdivided into a first phase PH1 followed by a second phase PH2.

At the beginning of phase PH1 of a program operation, enable signalsEN/ENB have the high/low logical state combination, thereby causing HVactivation signal WLP to have the voltage level of power signal PS asdiscussed above with respect to FIG. 4. Based on HV enable signal ENHVhaving the ground voltage level, power signal PS has voltage level LVsuch that PMOS transistor is switched off, signal HVF1 has the lowlogical state such that NMOS transistor N10 is switched off, signal HVF2has the high logical state such that NMOS transistor N11 is switched on,ground signal node AGN is decoupled from voltage node/level MV andcoupled to the ground reference node, and ground signal AG has theground voltage level. As depicted in FIGS. 5A and 5B, HV power switch500 is thereby controlled to output power signal PS having voltage levelLV, and HV driver 400 is thereby set to output HV activation signal WLPhaving voltage level LV.

At the end of phase PH1 and beginning of phase PH2, HV enable signalENHV switches from the ground voltage level to voltage level LV, therebycausing level shifter/power switch S1 to ramp output power signal PSfrom voltage level LV toward voltage level VPP of HV power signal HV(corresponding to the program operation), depicted as transition T1.

Power signal PS increasing above reference voltage VDT1 causes PMOStransistor P5 to switch on such that signal HVF1 has voltage level VPPof HV power signal HV (and signal HVF2 to have the ground voltagelevel), depicted as transition T2. Signal HVF1 having voltage level VPPof HV power signal HV causes NMOS transistor to switch on (and signalHVF2 having the ground voltage level causes NMOS transistor P11 toswitch off) such that ground signal node AGN is coupled to voltagenode/level MV and decoupled from the ground reference node, and signalAG is output as voltage level MV, depicted as transition T3.

At the end of phase PH2, power signal PS has voltage level VPP of HVpower signal HV. As depicted in FIGS. 5A and 5B, HV power switch 500 isthereby controlled to output power signal PS having voltage level VPP ofHV power signal HV, and HV driver 400 thereby latches output HVactivation signal WLP at voltage level VPP of HV power signal HV whilereceiving ground signal AG having voltage level MV.

FIG. 6A is a diagram of driver circuit 110AC, and FIG. 6B is a diagramof corresponding driver circuit parameters, in accordance with someembodiments. In the non-limiting example depicted in FIG. 6A, drivercircuit 110AC includes HV driver 400 discussed above with respect toFIG. 4, and HV power switch 600 usable as HV power switch HVPSU or HVPSDdiscussed above with respect to FIG. 1B. For the purpose ofillustration, FIG. 6A includes a simplified version of HV driver 400.

HV power switch 600 includes level shifter/power switch S1, transistorsN10 and N11, and inverter IN1 configured as discussed above with respectto HV power switch 500 and FIG. 5A. Instead of transistors P5 and N9 andcurrent source CS1, HV power switch 600 includes a delay and HV levelshifter circuit D1, also referred to as a delay circuit D1 in someembodiments.

Delay circuit D1 is an electronic circuit configured to receive HVenable signal ENHV, and responsive to a rising edge of HV enable signalENHV, output rising edges in each of a control signal (not labeled) toinverter IN1 and signal HVF1 (as level shifted) after a predetermineddelay period.

As illustrated in FIG. 6B, signals ENHV, HVF1, AG, and PS have waveformsduring phases PH1 and PH2 corresponding to those discussed above withrespect to HV power switch 500 and FIGS. 5A and 5B. Instead oftransitions T1-T3, FIG. 6B depicts transitions T4-T6.

At the beginning of phase PH1, HV enable signal having the groundvoltage level causes delay circuit D1 to output signal HVF1 having theground voltage level and control inverter IN1 to have the high logicalstate, thereby causing ground signal AG to have the ground voltage levelas discussed above.

Transition T4 corresponds to transition T1 discussed above in which therising edge of HV enable signal ENHV causes level shifter/power switchS1 to ramp output power signal PS from voltage level LV toward voltagelevel VPP of HV power signal HV at the end of phase PH1 and beginning ofphase PH2. The rising edge of HV enable signal ENHV also causes delaycircuit D1 to output signal HVF1 having voltage level VPP of HV powersignal HV (and cause inverter IN1 to output signal HVF2 having theground voltage level) after the predetermined delay period, depicted astransition T5.

Transition T6 corresponds to transition T3 discussed above, after whichHV power switch 600 outputs ground signal AG having voltage level MV.

By the configurations discussed above, memory circuit 100 including HVdriver 400 and a HV power switch HVPSU or HVPSD including one of HVpower switches 500 or 600 is capable of outputting HV activation signalWLP having the properties discussed above with respect to memory circuit100 such that memory circuit 100 including HV driver 400 and a HV powerswitch HVPSU or HVPSD including one of HV power switches 500 or 600 iscapable of realizing the benefits discussed above.

Each of FIGS. 7A and 7C is a diagram of an instance of memory circuit100, and FIG. 7B is a diagram of corresponding memory circuitparameters, in accordance with some embodiments. In the non-limitingexample depicted in FIG. 7A, memory circuit 100 includes HV driver 400discussed above with respect to FIG. 4, HV power switch 700 usable as HVpower switch HVPSU or HVPSD, and a global HV power switch 750 usable asglobal HV power switch HVSU or HVSD, each discussed above with respectto FIG. 1B. For the purpose of illustration, FIG. 7A includes asimplified version of HV driver 400.

For the purpose of illustration, in the embodiment depicted in FIGS.7A-7C, memory circuit 100 includes OTP devices 200, represented by asingle instance of OTP device 200 in which received activation signalWLR has the logical state corresponding to switching on transistor 220,thereby providing a current path to bit line BL. In some embodiments,memory circuit 100 includes NVM devices 112 other than OTP devices 200and is otherwise configured to provide one or more current paths to oneor more bit lines BL.

HV power switch 700 includes level shifter/power switch S1, transistorsN9-N11, current source IS1, and inverter IN1 configured as discussedabove with respect to HV power switch 500 and FIG. 5A. Instead of PMOStransistor P5, HV power switch 700 includes PMOS transistors P6 and P7coupled between power signal node PSN and NMOS transistor N9, and HVpower switch 700 also includes an inverter IN2 having an input terminalcoupled to the output terminal of inverter IN1.

A gate of transistor P6 is configured to receive cascode bias voltageVPCB, and a gate of PMOS transistor P7 is configured to receive voltagelevel VRD, each discussed above, such that HV power switch 700 isconfigured to, in operation, output ground signal AG on ground signalnode AGN responsive to detecting the voltage level of power signal PS onpower signal node PSN in accordance with the discussion above withrespect to HV power switch 500 and FIGS. 5A and 5B.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 7A, as power signal PS ramps fromvoltage level LV to voltage level VPP, HV power switch 700 is therebyconfigured to detect the voltage level of power signal PS relative toreference voltage VDT1, discussed above with respect to FIG. 5B, basedon cascode bias voltage VPCB, voltage level VRD, and the thresholdvoltages of PMOS transistors P6 and P7. In some embodiments, HV powerswitch 700 is thereby configured to detect the voltage level of powersignal PS relative to reference voltage VDT1 having a voltage levelapproximately equal to half of voltage level VPP.

By including inverter IN2, HV power switch 700 is further configured togenerate signal HVF3 responsive to detecting the voltage level of powersignal PS on power signal node PSN such that signal HVF3 is usable byglobal HV power switch 750 in a discharge operation as discussed below.

Global HV power switch 750 includes a level shifter/power switch S2coupled to a node HVN, a discharge control circuit DC, and PMOStransistor P8 and NMOS transistors N12 and N13 coupled in series betweennode HVN and the ground reference node.

Level shifter/power switch S2 is configured to output HV power signal HVon node HVN having one of received voltage levels VPP or VRD. Dischargecontrol circuit DC is configured to receive signal HVF3 from HV powerswitch 700 and output a discharge enable signal ENHVD. A gate oftransistor P8 is configured to receive voltage level VRD, a gate of NMOStransistor N12 is configured to receive cascode bias voltage VNCB, and agate of NMOS transistor N13 is configured to receive enable signalENHVD.

Memory circuit 100 including global HV power switch 750 and HV powerswitch 700 is thereby configured to control a program operationincluding a discharge operation as discussed below with reference toFIGS. 7B and 7C.

FIG. 7B includes a control signal PGM, e.g., received from functionalcircuit 100F, discharge enable signal ENHVD, signal HVF3, HV powersignal HV, a BL signal BL, and activation signal WLR plotted over time(not labeled). HV power signal HV is plotted relative to a referencevoltage VDT2 corresponding to voltage level VRD plus a threshold voltageof PMOS transistor P7.

HV power switch 500 and voltage level VRD are configured such thatreference voltage VDT2 has a voltage level less than that of referencevoltage VDT1 discussed above. In some embodiments, HV power switch 500and voltage level VRD are configured such that reference voltage VDT2has a voltage level between 1.5 V and 2.0 V. In some embodiments, HVpower switch 500 and voltage level VRD are configured such thatreference voltage VDT2 has a voltage level approximately equal to 1.8 V.

At the beginning of the period depicted in FIG. 7B, control signal PGMhas the low logical state corresponding to the program operation,followed by a rising edge corresponding to the beginning of thedischarge operation. The rising edge of control signal PGM causesdischarge control circuit DC to output discharge enable signal ENHVDhaving the high logical state, depicted as transition T7.

The rising edge of discharge enable signal ENHVD causes levelshifter/power switch S2 to ramp HV power signal HV from voltage levelVPP toward voltage level VRD, depicted as transition T8.

HV power signal HV decreasing below reference voltage VDT2 causes PMOStransistor P6 to switch off such that signal HVF2 has the high logicalstate and signal HVF3 has the ground voltage level, depicted astransition T9.

The falling edge of signal HVF3 causes discharge control circuit DC tooutput discharge enable signal ENHVD having the low logical state,depicted as transition T10, and the falling edge of discharge enablesignal ENHVD causes BL signal BL to have the high logical state andactivation signal WLR to have the ground voltage level, depictedcollectively as transition T11.

As depicted by arrows in FIG. 7A, during the period from transition T7to transition T10, memory circuit 100 provides dual current dischargepaths. A first discharge path to the ground reference node is providedthrough transistors P8, N12, and N13, and a second discharge path isprovided through bit line BL and transistors 210 and 220 of OTP device200, programmed to a low resistance state during the program operation.

At transition T10, the falling edge of discharge enable signal ENHVDcauses transistor N13 to switch off, thereby opening the first dischargepath, and the subsequent falling edge of activation signal WLR causestransistor 220 to switch off, thereby opening the second discharge path.

Because transition T10 is based on detecting HV power signal HVdecreasing below reference voltage VDT2 at transition T9, memory circuit100 is configured as depicted in FIG. 7A such that the dischargeoperations are ended after HV power signal HV has a voltage level belowthat of reference voltage VDT2. Because subsets of NVM devices 112,e.g., OTP device 200 depicted in FIG. 7A, are biased collectively duringprogram operations, ensuring that HV power signal HV has a voltage levelbelow that of reference voltage VDT2 avoids leaving potentially damagingresidual voltages on the subsets of NVM devices.

The program operation is further illustrated in FIG. 7C. FIG. 7C depictsthree programming states: an initiation state ST1, a program state ST2,and a termination state ST3. Each state includes a simplified depictionof the embodiment depicted n FIG. 7A.

In each state ST1, ST2, and ST3, global HV power switch 750 is depictedas level shifter/power switch S2, discharge control circuit DC, andtransistors P8, N12, and N13 represented by a current source IS2. HVpower switch 700 is depicted as level shifter/power switch S1,transistors P6, P6, N9 and inverters IN1 and IN2 represented by avoltage detector VD, and transistors N10 and N11 represented by a groundswitch AGS. HV driver 400 is depicted including output node WLPN (notlabeled) coupled to power signal node PSN (not labeled) corresponding toa subset of NVM devices 112 being selected in the program operation. Thesubset of NVM devices is represented by a non-limiting example of OTPdevice 200 including program transistor 210 and read transistor 220 (notlabeled) switch on, thereby providing a current path to bit line BLhaving the ground voltage level.

In state ST1, HV power signal HV having voltage level VRD propagatesfrom level shifter/power switch S2 through level shifter/power switch S1and HV driver 400 to the gate of transistor 210. Discharge controlcircuit DC outputs discharge enable signal ENHVD causing current sourceIS2 to be switched off. Based on voltage detector VD detecting HV powersignal HV having voltage level VRD below reference voltage VDT1, groundswitch AGS is coupled to the ground reference node such that groundsignal AG has the ground voltage level.

In state ST2, HV power signal HV having programming voltage level VPPpropagates from level shifter/power switch S2 through levelshifter/power switch S1 and HV driver 400 to the gate of transistor 210,thereby programming the selected NVM device 112 to the low resistancestate, e.g., by forming a conduction channel in the gate of transistor210. Based on voltage detector VD detecting HV power signal HV havingvoltage level VPP greater than VDT1, discharge control circuit DCoutputs discharge enable signal ENHVD causing current source IS2 toremain switched off, and ground switch AGS is coupled to voltagenode/level MV such that ground signal AG has voltage level MV.

In state ST3, HV power signal HV decreasing to voltage level VRDpropagates from level shifter/power switch S2 through levelshifter/power switch S1 and HV driver 400 to the gate of transistor 210.Based on voltage detector VD detecting HV power signal HV having thevoltage level below reference voltage VDT2, discharge control circuit DCoutputs discharge enable signal ENHVD causing current source IS2 to beswitched on, and ground switch AGS is coupled to the voltage referencenode such that ground signal AG has the voltage level. The resultantdual current discharge paths discussed above with respect to FIG. 7B arerepresented by arrows in FIG. 7C.

By the configuration discussed above with respect to FIGS. 7A-7C, memorycircuit 100 including HV driver 400, a HV power VPSU or HVPSD includingHV power switch 700, and a global HV power switch HVSU or HVSD includingglobal HV power switch 750 is capable of outputting HV activation signalWLP having the properties discussed above with respect to memory circuit100 such that memory circuit 100 including HV driver 400, a HV powerswitch HVPSU or HVPSD including HV power switch 700, and a global HVpower switch HVSU or HVSD including global HV power switch 750 iscapable of realizing the benefits discussed above.

Memory circuit 100 including HV driver 400, a HV power switch HVPSU orHVPSD including HV power switch 700, and a global HV power switch HVSUor HVSD including global HV power switch 750 is further capable of usingdetected HV levels through a feedback arrangement whereby dischargetimes are controlled during NVM device program operations. Compared toapproaches that do not include detecting HV levels to control dischargetimes, such embodiments are capable of reducing power requirements andavoiding residual voltage damage in subsequent operations.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method 800 of performing a programmingoperation, in accordance with one or more embodiments. Method 800 isusable with a memory circuit, e.g., memory circuit 100 discussed abovewith respect to FIGS. 1A-7C.

The sequence in which the operations of method 800 are depicted in FIG.8 is for illustration only; the operations of method 800 are capable ofbeing executed in sequences that differ from that depicted in FIG. 8. Insome embodiments, operations in addition to those depicted in FIG. 8 areperformed before, between, during, and/or after the operations depictedin FIG. 8. In some embodiments, the operations of method 800 are asubset of operations of a method of operating a memory circuit.

At operation 810, in some embodiments, an address signal having aconfiguration corresponding to an NVM device in a first bank of NVMdevices is received at a driver circuit adjacent to the first bank ofNVM devices and to a second bank of NVM devices. In some embodiments,receiving the address signal at the driver circuit includes receivingaddress signals 100AD at a driver circuit 110AC adjacent to memory banks110U and 110D as discussed above with respect to FIGS. 1A and 1B.

At operation 820, in response to the address signal having theconfiguration corresponding to the NVM device in the first bank of NVMdevices, first and second HV power signals are generated by first andsecond global HV power switches. The first HV power signal has a firstvoltage magnitude and the second HV power signal has a second voltagemagnitude less than the first voltage magnitude.

In some embodiments, generating the first and second HV power signalsincludes using global HV power switch HVSU to generate HV power signalHVU having voltage level VPP and global HV power switch HVSD to generateHV power signal HVD having voltage level VRD as discussed above withrespect to FIGS. 1A-7C.

At operation 830, the first and second power signals are received at thedriver circuit adjacent to the first and second banks of NVM devices. Insome embodiments, receiving the first and second power signals includesreceiving HV power signal HVU at HV power switch HVPSU and HV powersignal HVD at HV power switch HVPSD as discussed above with respect toFIGS. 1A-7C.

At operation 840, in response to the address signal having theconfiguration, a first HV activation signal is output to the NVM devicefrom the driver circuit, the first HV activation signal having the firstvoltage magnitude. In some embodiments, outputting the first HVactivation signal to the NVM device includes using HV driver HVDR tooutput HV activation signal WLPU having voltage level VPP to a subset ofNVM devices 112 as discussed above with respect to FIGS. 1A-7C. In someembodiments, using HV driver HVDR to output HV activation signal WLPUincludes using HV driver 400 discussed above with respect to FIGS. 4-7C.

In some embodiments, outputting the first HV activation signal havingthe first voltage magnitude includes using a HV switch in the drivercircuit to generate a ground signal having a fourth voltage magnitudebetween the first voltage magnitude and a ground voltage level. In someembodiments, using the HV switch in the driver circuit to generate theground signal having the fourth voltage magnitude includes using one ofHV power switches 500-700 discussed above with respect to FIGS. 5A-7C.

In some embodiments, the NVM device comprises an OTP device, andoutputting the first HV activation signal from the driver circuit to theNVM device includes outputting the first HV activation signal andanother activation signal to the OTP device. In some embodiments,outputting the first HV activation signal and another activation signalto the OTP device includes outputting HV activation signal WLP andactivation signal WLR to OTP device 200 as discussed above with respectto FIG. 2.

At operation 850, in response to the address signal having theconfiguration, a second HV activation signal is output to the secondbank of NVM devices from the driver circuit, the second HV activationsignal having a third voltage magnitude equal to or less than the secondvoltage magnitude. In some embodiments, outputting the second HVactivation signal to the second bank of NVM devices includes using HVdriver HVDR to output HV activation signal WLPD having voltage level VRDor voltage level LV to a subset of NVM devices 112 as discussed abovewith respect to FIGS. 1A-7C. In some embodiments, using HV driver HVDRto output HV activation signal WLPD includes using HV driver 400discussed above with respect to FIGS. 4-7C.

In some embodiments, each of outputting the first HV activation signalin operation 840 and outputting the second activation signal is inresponse to a same enable signal generated by the driver circuit, andoutputting the second HV activation signal from the driver circuit tothe second bank of NVM devices includes the second HV activation signalhaving the third voltage magnitude equal to the second voltagemagnitude. In some embodiments, generating the same enable signal by thedriver circuit includes using decode circuit 300A to generate enablesignals ENU and END as discussed above with respect to FIG. 3A.

In some embodiments, outputting the first HV activation signal inoperation 840 is in response to a first enable signal generated by thedriver circuit, outputting the second activation signal is in responseto a second enable signal generated by the driver circuit separatelyfrom the first enable signal, and outputting the second HV activationsignal from the driver circuit to the second bank of NVM devicesincludes the second HV activation signal having the third voltagemagnitude equal to a ground voltage level. In some embodiments,generating the first and second enables signal by the driver circuitincludes using decode circuit 300B to generate enable signals ENU andEND as discussed above with respect to FIG. 3B.

At operation 860, in some embodiments, the driver circuit is used toperform a discharge operation on the NVM device, the discharge operationincluding detecting a voltage level of the first HV power signal. Insome embodiments, performing the discharge operation includes usingglobal HV power switch 750, HV power switch 700, and HV driver 400 todetect a voltage level of HV power signal HV as discussed above withrespect to FIGS. 7A-7C.

By executing the operations of method 800, a programming operation isperformed on a memory circuit in which a dual path, hierarchicalarrangement is used to distribute HV levels such that non-selected NVMdevices in banks adjacent to device driver circuits receive acorresponding HV activation signal having either a LV or ground voltagelevel, thereby realizing the benefits discussed above with respect tomemory circuit 100.

In some embodiments, a memory circuit includes a first bank of NVMdevices, a first plurality of decoders, wherein each decoder of thefirst plurality of decoders is configured to generate an enable signalcorresponding to a column of the first bank of NVM devices, a firstplurality of HV drivers corresponding to the first plurality ofdecoders, and a first plurality of HV power switches, wherein a first HVpower switch of the first plurality of HV power switches is coupled toeach HV driver of the first plurality of HV drivers, wherein each HVdriver of the first plurality of HV drivers is configured to output a HVactivation signal to the corresponding column of the first bank of NVMdevices responsive to a power signal of the first HV power switch of thefirst plurality of HV power switches and to the enable signal of thecorresponding decoder of the first plurality of decoders. In someembodiments, the memory circuit includes a second bank of NVM devices, asecond plurality of HV drivers corresponding to the first plurality ofdecoders, and a second plurality of HV power switches, wherein a firstHV power switch of the second plurality of HV power switches is coupledto each HV driver of the second plurality of HV drivers, wherein eachdecoder of the first plurality of decoders is configured to generate theenable signal further corresponding to a column of the second bank ofNVM devices, and each HV driver of the second plurality of HV drivers isconfigured to output a HV activation signal to the corresponding columnof the second bank of NVM devices responsive to a power signal of thefirst HV power switch of the second plurality of HV power switches andto the enable signal of the corresponding decoder of the first pluralityof decoders. In some embodiments, the memory circuit includes a secondbank of NVM devices, a second plurality of decoders, wherein eachdecoder of the second plurality of decoders is configured to generate anenable signal corresponding to a column of the second bank of NVMdevices, a second plurality of HV drivers corresponding to the secondplurality of decoders, and a second plurality of HV power switches,wherein a first HV power switch of the second plurality of HV powerswitches is coupled to each HV driver of the second plurality of HVdrivers, wherein each HV driver of the second plurality of HV drivers isconfigured to output a HV activation signal to the corresponding columnof the second bank of NVM devices responsive to a power signal of thefirst HV power switch of the second plurality of HV power switches andto the enable signal of the corresponding decoder of the secondplurality of decoders. In some embodiments, the first plurality of HVdrivers is one plurality of HV drivers of a plurality of pluralities ofHV drivers, and each HV power switch of the first plurality of HV powerswitches is coupled to each HV driver of a corresponding plurality of HVdrivers of the plurality of pluralities of HV drivers. In someembodiments, the memory circuit includes a global HV power switchconfigured to generate a HV power signal, wherein each HV power switchof the first plurality of HV power switches is configured to generatethe power signal and a ground signal based on the HV power signal. Insome embodiments, each HV power switch of the first plurality of HVpower switches includes a level detector configured to switch the groundsignal from a ground voltage level to a middle voltage level responsiveto a voltage level of the HV power signal. In some embodiments, each HVpower switch of the first plurality of HV power switches includes adelay circuit configured to switch the ground signal from a groundvoltage level to a middle voltage level responsive to a HV enablesignal. In some embodiments, wherein each NVM device of the first bankof NVM devices includes an OTP bit, each OTP bit including a programtransistor configured to receive the HV activation signal from acorresponding HV driver of the first plurality of HV drivers, and a readtransistor configured to receive an activation signal based on theenable signal of a corresponding decoder of the first plurality ofdecoders.

In some embodiments, a memory circuit includes first and second OTPdevices, each OTP device including a read transistor and a programtransistor, and a driver circuit including a first HV power switchconfigured to generate a first power signal, a second HV power switchconfigured to generate a second power signal, a first HV driverconfigured to output a first HV activation signal to the programtransistor of the first OTP device responsive to the first power signal,and a second HV driver configured to output a second HV activationsignal to the program transistor of the second OTP device responsive tothe second power signal, wherein the driver circuit is configured tooutput a first activation signal to the read transistor of the first OTPdevice and a second activation signal to the read transistor of thesecond OTP device, the first activation signal and the first HVactivation signal are based on a first enable signal, and the secondactivation signal and the second HV activation signal are based on asecond enable signal. In some embodiments, the driver circuit includes adecoder configured to generate the first and second enable signals as asame enable signal, and each of the first and second activation signalsand the first and second HV activation signals is based on the sameenable signal. In some embodiments, the driver circuit includes a firstdecoder configured to generate the first enable signal, and a seconddecoder configured to generate the second enable signal separate fromthe first enable signal. In some embodiments, the first HV driver is onefirst HV driver of a plurality of first HV drivers, the second HV driveris one second HV driver of a plurality of second HV drivers, each firstHV driver of the plurality of first HV drivers is coupled to the firstHV power switch, and each second HV driver of the plurality of second HVdrivers is coupled to the second HV power switch. In some embodiments,the first HV power switch is one first HV power switch of a plurality offirst HV power switches, the second HV power switch is one second HVpower switch of a plurality of second HV power switches, each first HVpower switch of the plurality of first HV power switches is coupled to afirst global HV power switch, and each second HV power switch of theplurality of second HV power switches is coupled to a second global HVpower switch. In some embodiments, the first HV power switch isconfigured to generate the first power signal and a first ground signalbased on a first HV power signal, a first LV power signal, and a firstHV enable signal, and the second HV power switch is configured togenerate the second power signal and a second ground signal based on asecond HV power signal, a second LV power signal, and a second HV enablesignal.

In some embodiments, a method of performing a programming operationincludes, in response to an address signal having a configurationcorresponding to a NVM device in a first bank of NVM devices, generatinga first HV power signal having a first voltage magnitude, and generatinga second HV power signal having a second voltage magnitude less than thefirst voltage magnitude, receiving the first and second HV power signalsand the address signal at a driver circuit adjacent to the first bank ofNVM devices and to a second bank of NVM devices, and in response to theaddress signal having the configuration, outputting a first HVactivation signal from the driver circuit to the NVM device, the firstHV activation signal having the first voltage magnitude, and outputtinga second HV activation signal from the driver circuit to the second bankof NVM devices, the second HV activation signal having a third voltagemagnitude equal to or less than the second voltage magnitude. In someembodiments, each of outputting the first HV activation signal andoutputting the second activation signal is in response to a same enablesignal generated by the driver circuit, and outputting the second HVactivation signal from the driver circuit to the second bank of NVMdevices includes the second HV activation signal having the thirdvoltage magnitude equal to the second voltage magnitude. In someembodiments, outputting the first HV activation signal is in response toa first enable signal generated by the driver circuit, outputting thesecond activation signal is in response to a second enable signalgenerated by the driver circuit separately from the first enable signal,and outputting the second HV activation signal from the driver circuitto the second bank of NVM devices includes the second HV activationsignal having the third voltage magnitude equal to a ground voltagelevel. In some embodiments, outputting the first HV activation signalhaving the first voltage magnitude includes using a HV switch in thedriver circuit to generate a ground signal having a fourth voltagemagnitude between the first voltage magnitude and a ground voltagelevel. In some embodiments, the NVM device includes an OTP device, andoutputting the first HV activation signal from the driver circuit to theNVM device includes outputting the first HV activation signal andanother activation signal to the OTP device. In some embodiments, themethod includes performing a discharge operation on the NVM device, thedischarge operation including detecting a voltage level of the first HVpower signal.

The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that thoseskilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the presentdisclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they mayreadily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifyingother processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/orachieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein.Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalentconstructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the presentdisclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, andalterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of thepresent disclosure.

1. A memory circuit comprising: a first bank of non-volatile memory(NVM) devices; a first plurality of decoders, wherein each decoder ofthe first plurality of decoders is configured to generate an enablesignal corresponding to a column of the first bank of NVM devices; afirst plurality of high-voltage (HV) drivers corresponding to the firstplurality of decoders; and a first plurality of HV power switches,wherein a first HV power switch of the first plurality of HV powerswitches is coupled to each HV driver of the first plurality of HVdrivers, wherein each HV driver of the first plurality of HV drivers isconfigured to output a HV activation signal to the corresponding columnof the first bank of NVM devices responsive to a power signal of thefirst HV power switch of the first plurality of HV power switches and tothe enable signal of the corresponding decoder of the first plurality ofdecoders.
 2. The memory circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a secondbank of NVM devices; a second plurality of HV drivers corresponding tothe first plurality of decoders; and a second plurality of HV powerswitches, wherein a first HV power switch of the second plurality of HVpower switches is coupled to each HV driver of the second plurality ofHV drivers, wherein each decoder of the first plurality of decoders isconfigured to generate the enable signal further corresponding to acolumn of the second bank of NVM devices, and each HV driver of thesecond plurality of HV drivers is configured to output a HV activationsignal to the corresponding column of the second bank of NVM devicesresponsive to a power signal of the first HV power switch of the secondplurality of HV power switches and to the enable signal of thecorresponding decoder of the first plurality of decoders.
 3. The memorycircuit of claim 1, further comprising: a second bank of NVM devices; asecond plurality of decoders, wherein each decoder of the secondplurality of decoders is configured to generate an enable signalcorresponding to a column of the second bank of NVM devices; a secondplurality of HV drivers corresponding to the second plurality ofdecoders; and a second plurality of HV power switches, wherein a firstHV power switch of the second plurality of HV power switches is coupledto each HV driver of the second plurality of HV drivers, wherein each HVdriver of the second plurality of HV drivers is configured to output aHV activation signal to the corresponding column of the second bank ofNVM devices responsive to a power signal of the first HV power switch ofthe second plurality of HV power switches and to the enable signal ofthe corresponding decoder of the second plurality of decoders.
 4. Thememory circuit of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of HV drivers isone plurality of HV drivers of a plurality of pluralities of HV drivers,and each HV power switch of the first plurality of HV power switches iscoupled to each HV driver of a corresponding plurality of HV drivers ofthe plurality of pluralities of HV drivers.
 5. The memory circuit ofclaim 1, further comprising: a global HV power switch configured togenerate a HV power signal, wherein each HV power switch of the firstplurality of HV power switches is configured to generate the powersignal and a ground signal based on the HV power signal.
 6. The memorycircuit of claim 5, wherein each HV power switch of the first pluralityof HV power switches comprises a level detector configured to switch theground signal from a ground voltage level to a middle voltage levelresponsive to a voltage level of the HV power signal.
 7. The memorycircuit of claim 5, wherein each HV power switch of the first pluralityof HV power switches comprises a delay circuit configured to switch theground signal from a ground voltage level to a middle voltage levelresponsive to a HV enable signal.
 8. The memory circuit of claim 1,wherein each NVM device of the first bank of NVM devices comprises aone-time programmable (OTP) bit, each OTP bit comprising: a programtransistor configured to receive the HV activation signal from acorresponding HV driver of the first plurality of HV drivers; and a readtransistor configured to receive an activation signal based on theenable signal of a corresponding decoder of the first plurality ofdecoders.
 9. A memory circuit comprising: first and second one-timeprogrammable (OTP) devices, each OTP device comprising a read transistorand a program transistor; and a driver circuit comprising: a first HVpower switch configured to generate a first power signal; a second HVpower switch configured to generate a second power signal; a firsthigh-voltage (HV) driver configured to output a first HV activationsignal to the program transistor of the first OTP device responsive tothe first power signal; and a second HV driver configured to output asecond HV activation signal to the program transistor of the second OTPdevice responsive to the second power signal, wherein the driver circuitis configured to output a first activation signal to the read transistorof the first OTP device and a second activation signal to the readtransistor of the second OTP device, the first activation signal and thefirst HV activation signal are based on a first enable signal, and thesecond activation signal and the second HV activation signal are basedon a second enable signal.
 10. The memory circuit of claim 9, whereinthe driver circuit comprises a decoder configured to generate the firstand second enable signals as a same enable signal, and each of the firstand second activation signals and the first and second HV activationsignals is based on the same enable signal.
 11. The memory circuit ofclaim 9, wherein the driver circuit comprises: a first decoderconfigured to generate the first enable signal; and a second decoderconfigured to generate the second enable signal separate from the firstenable signal.
 12. The memory circuit of claim 9, wherein the first HVdriver is one first HV driver of a plurality of first HV drivers, thesecond HV driver is one second HV driver of a plurality of second HVdrivers, each first HV driver of the plurality of first HV drivers iscoupled to the first HV power switch, and each second HV driver of theplurality of second HV drivers is coupled to the second HV power switch.13. The memory circuit of claim 9, wherein the first HV power switch isone first HV power switch of a plurality of first HV power switches, thesecond HV power switch is one second HV power switch of a plurality ofsecond HV power switches, each first HV power switch of the plurality offirst HV power switches is coupled to a first global HV power switch,and each second HV power switch of the plurality of second HV powerswitches is coupled to a second global HV power switch.
 14. The memorycircuit of claim 9, wherein the first HV power switch is configured togenerate the first power signal and a first ground signal based on afirst HV power signal, a first low-voltage (LV) power signal, and afirst HV enable signal, and the second HV power switch is configured togenerate the second power signal and a second ground signal based on asecond HV power signal, a second LV power signal, and a second HV enablesignal.
 15. A method of performing a programming operation, the methodcomprising: in response to an address signal having a configurationcorresponding to a non-volatile memory (NVM) device in a first bank ofNVM devices: generating a first high-voltage (HV) power signal having afirst voltage magnitude; and generating a second HV power signal havinga second voltage magnitude less than the first voltage magnitude;receiving the first and second HV power signals and the address signalat a driver circuit adjacent to the first bank of NVM devices and to asecond bank of NVM devices; and in response to the address signal havingthe configuration: outputting a first HV activation signal from thedriver circuit to the NVM device, the first HV activation signal havingthe first voltage magnitude; and outputting a second HV activationsignal from the driver circuit to the second bank of NVM devices, thesecond HV activation signal having a third voltage magnitude equal to orless than the second voltage magnitude.
 16. The method of claim 15,wherein each of the outputting the first HV activation signal and theoutputting the second HV activation signal is in response to a sameenable signal generated by the driver circuit, and the outputting thesecond HV activation signal from the driver circuit to the second bankof NVM devices comprises the second HV activation signal having thethird voltage magnitude equal to the second voltage magnitude.
 17. Themethod of claim 15, wherein the outputting the first HV activationsignal is in response to a first enable signal generated by the drivercircuit, the outputting the second HV activation signal is in responseto a second enable signal generated by the driver circuit separatelyfrom the first enable signal, and the outputting the second HVactivation signal from the driver circuit to the second bank of NVMdevices comprises the second HV activation signal having the thirdvoltage magnitude equal to a ground voltage level.
 18. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the outputting the first HV activation signal havingthe first voltage magnitude comprises using a HV switch in the drivercircuit to generate a ground signal having a fourth voltage magnitudebetween the first voltage magnitude and a ground voltage level.
 19. Themethod of claim 15, wherein the NVM device comprises aone-time-programmable (OTP) device, and the outputting the first HVactivation signal from the driver circuit to the NVM device comprisesoutputting the first HV activation signal and another activation signalto the OTP device.
 20. The method of claim 15, further comprisingperforming a discharge operation on the NVM device, the dischargeoperation comprising detecting a voltage level of the first HV powersignal.